Keyless OIDC push signing for thv skill push #6307

Summary

thv skill push can only sign with a file-based cosign key. Keyless (OIDC → Fulcio) signing returns ErrKeyRequired, and has since the signer landed. This is the last real gap in the publish story: every artifact ToolHive consumes from the catalog is keyless-signed by GitHub Actions OIDC, and the verify path handles that fine — we just can't produce one.

Deferred from v1 in #5740 and tracked as a bullet in #5899 (now closed); this gives it a home.

Why it is not just "call the keyless API"

Signing happens server-side. thv skill push is a pure HTTP client; the thv serve process does the signing. That shapes the whole design:

• A CI publisher has an ambient OIDC token, but it belongs to the job, not to the long-lived server process the CLI talks to.
• A human at a laptop gets a token through an interactive browser flow, which a daemon cannot reasonably initiate on their behalf.
• The same split already surprises people with key signing: COSIGN_PASSWORD must be set on the server's environment, not the user's shell. Keyless makes that sharper, because a token is short-lived and request-scoped rather than a static value an operator can export once.

So the design question is not "which sigstore API" but how a request-scoped credential reaches the signer. Options worth weighing, none obviously right:

1. Forward an OIDC token from the CLI in the push request. Simple, but puts a bearer credential in an API body.
2. Have the server acquire its own token from ambient credentials. Works in CI, not for a laptop.
3. Sign client-side and have the server only attach. Splits the signer, but keeps the credential where it belongs.

Scope

• Keyless signing path in container/signer (toolhive-core) — see the note below on where the code should live.
• Whatever credential plumbing the chosen option needs, in thv skill push and the push API.
• E2E against Sigstore staging, which was always paired with this in the deferral. Unit tests must stay network-free; the existing suite uses embedded TUF roots and test keys.

Notes before starting

• pkg/skills/signer (toolhive) and container/signer (toolhive-core) are duplicates right now. Core is the intended home and Add container/signer for cosign key-based OCI signing toolhive-core#230 merged it there; deleting the local copy is blocked only on a core release. New signing work should almost certainly go to core — confirm before writing code, it changes the shape of the work.
• sigstore-go/pkg/sign is already a direct dependency of core and supports keyless.
• Signature attachment must append to the existing .sig manifest, never replace it, and dedupe by verifying against the public key — ECDSA is randomised, so byte comparison never matches. See toolhive-core#230.
• SignOCI returns *Result{Bundle, PayloadDigest}; the payload digest is not the artifact digest.
• Interop is verified by signing with thv and verifying with the stock cosign CLI against a local registry:2. Our verifier accepting our own bundles proves less than it looks — that gap previously hid a bug where --key could not read any cosign generate-key-pair output.

Acceptance criteria

• thv skill push can sign keylessly, and the resulting artifact verifies with cosign verify --certificate-identity ... --certificate-oidc-issuer ...
• The credential path is documented, including what happens when no OIDC token is available (must fail with a clear message, never silently push unsigned)
• Existing key-based signing is unchanged
• E2E against Sigstore staging; unit tests remain network-free