diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index 703eeff..3412a93 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -220,9 +220,9 @@ Useful controls:
 --pairing-issuer               issue one-use Foregather live grants to devices
 --pairing-relay-url <URL>      Foregather API base for --pairing-issuer
 --pairing-operator-token-file <PATH>  private file holding its operator token
---turn-issuer                  issue short-lived TURN credentials to devices
+--turn-issuer                  hand out direct-send ICE servers: STUN alone, or TURN with short-lived credentials
 --turn-url <URL>               stun:, turn: or turns: URL for --turn-issuer, 1 to 4
---turn-secret-file <PATH>      private file holding the TURN static-auth-secret
+--turn-secret-file <PATH>      private file holding the TURN static-auth-secret (only with a turn: or turns: URL)
 --service-profile <PATH>       opt-in public service listing (docs/SERVICE-DISCOVERY.md)
 --checkout-profile <PATH>      opt-in paid checkout, needs --no-tor (docs/CHECKOUT.md)
 --max-concurrent-writes <N>    concurrent upload/mirror limit, default 4
diff --git a/crates/wildbloomd/src/grants/tests.rs b/crates/wildbloomd/src/grants/tests.rs
index 73991f3..0d1c3f6 100644
--- a/crates/wildbloomd/src/grants/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/wildbloomd/src/grants/tests.rs
@@ -1161,7 +1161,10 @@ async fn tokens_and_authorisation_events_never_reach_the_logs() {
         logs.contains("accepted an owner-signed device grant"),
         "{logs}"
     );
-    assert!(logs.contains("issued a pair of TURN credentials"), "{logs}");
+    assert!(
+        logs.contains("issued a pair of ICE configurations"),
+        "{logs}"
+    );
     let mut secrets = vec![
         URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.encode(OPERATOR_TOKEN_BYTES),
         URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.encode([9_u8; 32]),
@@ -2066,7 +2069,7 @@ fn turn_app(node: &Node) -> Router {
     TurnIssuer::new(
         node.grants.clone(),
         urls,
-        TurnSecret::parse(TURN_SECRET).unwrap(),
+        Some(TurnSecret::parse(TURN_SECRET).unwrap()),
     )
     .router()
 }
@@ -2186,6 +2189,48 @@ async fn turn_issuer_returns_two_fresh_credentials_to_a_granted_device() {
     assert_eq!(distinct.len(), labels.len());
 }
 
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn a_stun_only_issuer_needs_no_secret_and_hands_out_empty_credentials() {
+    let (_dir, node) = node().await;
+    let urls = vec!["stun:stun.example.net:3478".to_owned()];
+    let urls = super::turn::ice_urls(&urls).unwrap();
+    assert!(!super::turn::has_turn_url(&urls));
+    let app = TurnIssuer::new(node.grants.clone(), urls, None).router();
+    let now = node.now();
+    node.call(post_grant(grant_event(&keys(1), &standard_grant(), now)))
+        .await;
+    let response = app
+        .oneshot(turn_request(&keys(10), now, b""))
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::CREATED);
+    assert_eq!(response.headers()[header::CACHE_CONTROL], "no-store");
+    let bytes = to_bytes(response.into_body(), 1 << 20).await.unwrap();
+    let text = String::from_utf8(bytes.to_vec()).unwrap();
+    let body = serde_json::from_slice::<Value>(&bytes).unwrap();
+    let expires = body["expires"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    let entry = r#"{"credential":"","urls":["stun:stun.example.net:3478"],"username":""}"#;
+    assert_eq!(
+        text,
+        format!(r#"{{"expires":{expires},"own":{entry},"peer":{entry}}}"#)
+    );
+}
+
+#[tokio::test]
+async fn a_turn_issuer_without_its_secret_is_unavailable_rather_than_unsigned() {
+    let (_dir, node) = node().await;
+    let urls = super::turn::ice_urls(&TURN_URLS.map(str::to_owned)).unwrap();
+    let app = TurnIssuer::new(node.grants.clone(), urls, None).router();
+    let now = node.now();
+    node.call(post_grant(grant_event(&keys(1), &standard_grant(), now)))
+        .await;
+    let response = app
+        .oneshot(turn_request(&keys(10), now, b""))
+        .await
+        .unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(response.status(), StatusCode::SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE);
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn turn_issuer_refuses_unauthorised_requests() {
     let (_dir, node) = node().await;
diff --git a/crates/wildbloomd/src/grants/turn.rs b/crates/wildbloomd/src/grants/turn.rs
index 4c1638f..29ceb76 100644
--- a/crates/wildbloomd/src/grants/turn.rs
+++ b/crates/wildbloomd/src/grants/turn.rs
@@ -1,6 +1,9 @@
-//! Opt-in TURN credential issuer: a currently granted device exchanges one
-//! fresh NIP-98 request for two short-lived TURN REST credentials, one for
-//! itself and one for the verified person at the other end of a direct send.
+//! Opt-in ICE configuration issuer: a currently granted device exchanges one
+//! fresh NIP-98 request for two entries, one for itself and one for the
+//! verified person at the other end of a direct send.  If any configured URL
+//! is TURN, each entry holds short-lived TURN REST credentials.  If every URL
+//! is STUN, nothing is minted and no secret is held: both entries carry the
+//! URLs with an empty username and credential.
 //!
 //! Credentials use coturn's `use-auth-secret` form: the username is
 //! `<expires>:<label>` and the credential is the padded base64 HMAC-SHA1 of the
@@ -119,8 +122,8 @@ impl TurnSecret {
 
 /// Validate the configured ICE URLs against the direct-send `ice` entry: 1 to
 /// 4 distinct `stun:`, `turn:` or `turns:` URLs of at most 256 bytes of
-/// printable ASCII (no spaces, quotes or backslashes), at least one of them
-/// TURN.
+/// printable ASCII (no spaces, quotes or backslashes).  STUN alone is valid;
+/// see [`has_turn_url`] for when a secret is needed.
 pub fn ice_urls(urls: &[String]) -> Result<Vec<String>, &'static str> {
     if urls.is_empty() || urls.len() > MAX_URLS {
         return Err("--turn-url must be given 1 to 4 times");
@@ -144,15 +147,16 @@ pub fn ice_urls(urls: &[String]) -> Result<Vec<String>, &'static str> {
     if urls.iter().collect::<BTreeSet<_>>().len() != urls.len() {
         return Err("--turn-url values must be distinct");
     }
-    if !urls
-        .iter()
-        .any(|url| url.starts_with("turn:") || url.starts_with("turns:"))
-    {
-        return Err("at least one --turn-url must be turn: or turns:");
-    }
     Ok(urls.to_vec())
 }
 
+/// Whether any URL is `turn:` or `turns:`, which is when credentials are
+/// minted and the shared secret is required.
+pub fn has_turn_url(urls: &[String]) -> bool {
+    urls.iter()
+        .any(|url| url.starts_with("turn:") || url.starts_with("turns:"))
+}
+
 /// One entry of the direct-send `ice` list, members in canonical order.
 /// `Debug` hides the username and credential.
 #[derive(Serialize)]
@@ -184,12 +188,15 @@ pub struct TurnCredentials {
 pub struct TurnIssuer {
     auth: DeviceAuth,
     urls: Arc<[String]>,
-    secret: TurnSecret,
+    /// Present exactly when a URL is TURN.
+    secret: Option<TurnSecret>,
 }
 
 impl TurnIssuer {
-    /// `urls` must already have passed [`ice_urls`].
-    pub fn new(grants: Grants, urls: Vec<String>, secret: TurnSecret) -> Self {
+    /// `urls` must already have passed [`ice_urls`]. `secret` is needed if
+    /// and only if [`has_turn_url`] holds for them; a TURN issuer without one
+    /// answers 503.
+    pub fn new(grants: Grants, urls: Vec<String>, secret: Option<TurnSecret>) -> Self {
         Self {
             auth: DeviceAuth::new(grants, TURN_PATH, RATE_LIMIT, &REFUSALS),
             urls: Arc::from(urls),
@@ -211,10 +218,19 @@ impl TurnIssuer {
                 "TURN credentials are unavailable",
             )
         };
+        // STUN alone: nothing to mint, so no label and no credential.
+        if !has_turn_url(&self.urls) {
+            return Ok(IceServer {
+                credential: String::new(),
+                urls: self.urls.to_vec(),
+                username: String::new(),
+            });
+        }
+        let secret = self.secret.as_ref().ok_or_else(unavailable)?;
         let mut label = [0_u8; LABEL_BYTES];
         getrandom::fill(&mut label).map_err(|_| unavailable())?;
         let username = format!("{expires}:{}", URL_SAFE_NO_PAD.encode(label));
-        let credential = self.secret.credential(&username).ok_or_else(unavailable)?;
+        let credential = secret.credential(&username).ok_or_else(unavailable)?;
         Ok(IceServer {
             credential,
             urls: self.urls.to_vec(),
@@ -236,7 +252,7 @@ async fn issue(State(issuer): State<TurnIssuer>, request: Request<Body>) -> Resp
     .await;
     match result {
         Ok(credentials) => {
-            tracing::info!("issued a pair of TURN credentials");
+            tracing::info!("issued a pair of ICE configurations");
             let mut response = (StatusCode::CREATED, Json(credentials)).into_response();
             no_store(&mut response);
             response
@@ -383,12 +399,24 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(TurnSecret::from_sources(None, Some(OsString::new())).is_err());
     }
 
+    #[test]
+    fn a_secret_is_needed_only_when_a_url_is_turn() {
+        let owned = |urls: &[&str]| urls.iter().map(|url| (*url).to_owned()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        assert!(!has_turn_url(&owned(&["stun:stun.example.net:3478"])));
+        assert!(has_turn_url(&owned(&[
+            "stun:turn.example.net:3478",
+            "turn:turn.example.net:3478"
+        ])));
+        assert!(has_turn_url(&owned(&["turns:turn.example.net:5349"])));
+    }
+
     #[test]
     fn ice_urls_follow_the_direct_send_rules() {
         let owned = |urls: &[&str]| urls.iter().map(|url| (*url).to_owned()).collect::<Vec<_>>();
         for accepted in [
             &["turn:turn.example.net:3478"][..],
             &["turns:turn.example.net:5349?transport=tcp"][..],
+            &["stun:stun.example.net:3478"][..],
             &[
                 "stun:turn.example.net:3478",
                 "turn:turn.example.net:3478?transport=udp",
@@ -410,7 +438,6 @@ mod tests {
                 "turn:d.example",
                 "turn:e.example",
             ]),
-            owned(&["stun:turn.example.net:3478"]),
             owned(&["http://turn.example.net/"]),
             owned(&["TURN:turn.example.net"]),
             owned(&["turn:"]),
diff --git a/crates/wildbloomd/src/main.rs b/crates/wildbloomd/src/main.rs
index 31ae8cb..8065b3a 100644
--- a/crates/wildbloomd/src/main.rs
+++ b/crates/wildbloomd/src/main.rs
@@ -191,9 +191,10 @@ struct Cli {
     )]
     pairing_operator_token_file: Option<PathBuf>,
 
-    /// Issue short-lived TURN credentials to granted devices for direct send.
-    /// The shared secret comes from --turn-secret-file or the
-    /// WILDBLOOM_TURN_SECRET environment variable, never an argument.
+    /// Hand out direct-send ICE servers to granted devices: STUN URLs alone,
+    /// or TURN with short-lived credentials (the secret is then required, from
+    /// --turn-secret-file or the WILDBLOOM_TURN_SECRET environment variable,
+    /// never an argument; with STUN alone it must be absent).
     #[arg(
         long,
         env = "WILDBLOOM_TURN_ISSUER",
@@ -201,7 +202,8 @@ struct Cli {
     )]
     turn_issuer: bool,
 
-    /// stun:, turn: or turns: URL returned with every TURN credential (1 to 4; repeatable or comma-separated).
+    /// stun:, turn: or turns: URL handed out with every direct-send ICE entry (1 to 4; repeatable or comma-separated).
+    /// STUN URLs alone need no secret; any turn: or turns: URL does.
     #[arg(
         long = "turn-url",
         env = "WILDBLOOM_TURN_URLS",
@@ -211,6 +213,7 @@ struct Cli {
     turn_urls: Vec<String>,
 
     /// Private (0600) file holding the TURN server's static-auth-secret.
+    /// Required if and only if a --turn-url is turn: or turns:.
     #[arg(long, env = "WILDBLOOM_TURN_SECRET_FILE", requires = "turn_issuer")]
     turn_secret_file: Option<PathBuf>,
 
@@ -289,6 +292,33 @@ enum Command {
     Replicas(replicas::Cli),
 }
 
+/// The ICE URLs and, if any is TURN, the secret. STUN URLs alone take no
+/// secret, and one given anyway stops the node rather than being ignored.
+type TurnIssuerConfig = (Vec<String>, Option<grants::turn::TurnSecret>);
+
+fn issuer_config(
+    enabled: bool,
+    turn_urls: &[String],
+    secret_file: Option<&std::path::Path>,
+    env_secret: Option<std::ffi::OsString>,
+) -> Result<Option<TurnIssuerConfig>, &'static str> {
+    if !enabled {
+        return Ok(None);
+    }
+    let urls = grants::turn::ice_urls(turn_urls)?;
+    let secret = if grants::turn::has_turn_url(&urls) {
+        Some(grants::turn::TurnSecret::from_sources(
+            secret_file,
+            env_secret,
+        )?)
+    } else if secret_file.is_some() || env_secret.is_some() {
+        return Err("a TURN secret was given but no --turn-url is turn: or turns:");
+    } else {
+        None
+    };
+    Ok(Some((urls, secret)))
+}
+
 #[tokio::main]
 async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
     tracing_subscriber::fmt()
@@ -316,17 +346,12 @@ async fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
     if !cli.bind.ip().is_loopback() && !cli.allow_public_bind {
         return Err("refusing a non-loopback bind without --allow-public-bind".into());
     }
-    let turn_issuer = if cli.turn_issuer {
-        Some((
-            grants::turn::ice_urls(&cli.turn_urls)?,
-            grants::turn::TurnSecret::from_sources(
-                cli.turn_secret_file.as_deref(),
-                std::env::var_os(grants::turn::SECRET_ENV),
-            )?,
-        ))
-    } else {
-        None
-    };
+    let turn_issuer = issuer_config(
+        cli.turn_issuer,
+        &cli.turn_urls,
+        cli.turn_secret_file.as_deref(),
+        std::env::var_os(grants::turn::SECRET_ENV),
+    )?;
     let store = Store::open(StoreConfig {
         root: data_dir.clone(),
         quota_bytes: cli.quota_bytes,
@@ -912,6 +937,75 @@ mod tests {
             ]
         );
         assert!(grants::turn::ice_urls(&cli.turn_urls).is_ok());
+        // STUN alone is a valid configuration and needs no secret.
+        let cli = Cli::try_parse_from([
+            "wildbloomd",
+            "--device-grants",
+            "--turn-issuer",
+            "--turn-url",
+            "stun:stun.example.net:3478",
+        ])
+        .unwrap();
+        let urls = grants::turn::ice_urls(&cli.turn_urls).unwrap();
+        assert!(cli.turn_issuer && !grants::turn::has_turn_url(&urls));
+        assert!(cli.turn_secret_file.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn the_turn_secret_is_required_if_and_only_if_a_url_is_turn() {
+        let parse = |urls: &[&str], file: Option<&str>| {
+            let mut args = vec!["wildbloomd", "--device-grants", "--turn-issuer"];
+            for url in urls {
+                args.extend(["--turn-url", url]);
+            }
+            if let Some(file) = file {
+                args.extend(["--turn-secret-file", file]);
+            }
+            Cli::try_parse_from(args).unwrap()
+        };
+        let issuer_config_for = |cli: &Cli, env: Option<std::ffi::OsString>| {
+            issuer_config(
+                cli.turn_issuer,
+                &cli.turn_urls,
+                cli.turn_secret_file.as_deref(),
+                env,
+            )
+        };
+        let secret = || {
+            Some(std::ffi::OsString::from(
+                "synthetic-wildbloom-turn-secret-0001",
+            ))
+        };
+        let stun = ["stun:stun.example.net:3478"];
+        let turn = ["stun:turn.example.net:3478", "turn:turn.example.net:3478"];
+        // STUN alone starts with no secret, and holds none.
+        let config = issuer_config_for(&parse(&stun, None), None)
+            .unwrap()
+            .unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(config.0, stun);
+        assert!(config.1.is_none());
+        // A secret given with STUN alone is an error, from either source.
+        let message = "a TURN secret was given but no --turn-url is turn: or turns:";
+        assert_eq!(
+            issuer_config_for(&parse(&stun, Some("/var/lib/example/turn-secret")), None).err(),
+            Some(message)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            issuer_config_for(&parse(&stun, None), secret()).err(),
+            Some(message)
+        );
+        // TURN needs one, as before.
+        assert!(issuer_config_for(&parse(&turn, None), None).is_err());
+        let config = issuer_config_for(&parse(&turn, None), secret())
+            .unwrap()
+            .unwrap();
+        assert!(config.1.is_some());
+        // Not asked for: nothing.
+        assert!(
+            issuer_config_for(&Cli::try_parse_from(["wildbloomd"]).unwrap(), secret())
+                .unwrap()
+                .is_none()
+        );
     }
 
     const KEEPER: &str = "ab0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789abcdef0123456789abcd";
diff --git a/docs/THREAT-MODEL.md b/docs/THREAT-MODEL.md
index 54326da..bfe0689 100644
--- a/docs/THREAT-MODEL.md
+++ b/docs/THREAT-MODEL.md
@@ -59,14 +59,16 @@
   HTTP, and never logs or returns it.  A granted device can obtain at most 30
   one-use live creation grants in any rolling hour; each grant is usable for
   five minutes and allocates sessions of at most ten minutes.
-- The optional TURN credential issuer holds the TURN server's
-  `static-auth-secret`, read from a `0600` file (recommended) or the
+- The optional ICE issuer, when any configured URL is TURN, holds the TURN
+  server's `static-auth-secret`, read from a `0600` file (recommended) or the
   environment, removes it from child process environments, and never logs or
   returns it; only HMAC outputs leave the node.  It uses the pairing issuer's
   NIP-98 and device grant checks with a separate budget of 30 requests per
   device in any rolling hour.  Anyone holding a returned credential can open
   allocations on that TURN server until it expires an hour later, so Drop
   hands the peer's credential only to the person whose check words matched.
+  With STUN URLs alone it holds no secret and mints nothing: it returns the
+  URLs with empty credentials, which cannot open an allocation.
 - Revocation is committed and enforced by the gate at once; it waits for no
   upload.  Delegated write bodies must keep arriving and keep up a minimum
   average rate after a grace period, and a sweep waits only briefly for one ended key's in-flight
diff --git a/llms.txt b/llms.txt
index 809b458..9522190 100644
--- a/llms.txt
+++ b/llms.txt
@@ -96,12 +96,15 @@ Key CLI flags (each also has a `WILDBLOOM_*` environment variable; see
   `--pairing-issuer`.
 - `--pairing-operator-token-file <PATH>`: private file holding the pairing
   operator token.
-- `--turn-issuer`: issue short-lived TURN REST credentials to devices for
-  direct send; needs `--device-grants` and `--turn-url`.
+- `--turn-issuer`: issue ICE server lists (with short-lived TURN REST
+  credentials when a TURN URL is set) to devices for direct send; needs `--device-grants` and
+  `--turn-url`.
 - `--turn-url <URL>`: `stun:`, `turn:` or `turns:` URL returned with each
-  credential, 1 to 4, at least one TURN.
+  credential, 1 to 4. They may all be `stun:`, in which case no secret is
+  needed and none may be set.
 - `--turn-secret-file <PATH>`: private file holding the TURN server's
-  `static-auth-secret` (or `WILDBLOOM_TURN_SECRET`).
+  `static-auth-secret` (or `WILDBLOOM_TURN_SECRET`); needed only when a TURN
+  URL is configured.
 - `--max-concurrent-writes <N>`: concurrent upload and mirror streams, default 4.
 - `--repair-interval <SECONDS>`: integrity scan and repair interval, default
   3600; 0 disables repair.