diff --git a/.github/workflows/ci.yml b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
index 15ef70c..98bdee9 100644
--- a/.github/workflows/ci.yml
+++ b/.github/workflows/ci.yml
@@ -14,14 +14,9 @@ jobs:
         with:
           python-version: '3.10'
       - run: pip install ruamel.yaml pytest pytest-cov
-      - name: Unit tests
-        run: pytest python/tests/unit/ -v
-      - name: Unit coverage
-        run: pytest --cov=python/lira python/tests/unit/ --cov-report=term
-      - name: Integration tests
-        run: pytest python/tests/integration/ -v
-      - name: Diff integration output vs reference
-        run: diff python/tests/integration/integration.yaml tests/integration/reference.yaml
+      - run: pip install -e python/
+      - name: Run Python tests (unit, integration, coverage)
+        run: bash tests/scripts/python.sh
 
   ruby-tests:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -35,18 +30,8 @@ jobs:
           python-version: '3.10'
       - run: pip install ruamel.yaml
       - run: gem install minitest simplecov
-      - name: Unit tests
-        run: |
-          ruby -I ruby -I ruby/lib ruby/tests/unit/test_ir_ser_txt.rb
-          ruby -I ruby -I ruby/lib ruby/tests/unit/test_arch_ser_yaml.rb
-          ruby -I ruby -I ruby/lib ruby/tests/unit/test_ir_builder.rb
-      - name: Unit coverage
-        run: |
-          ruby -r simplecov -I ruby -I ruby/lib -e 'SimpleCov.start; Dir["ruby/tests/unit/*.rb"].each { |f| require_relative f }'
-      - name: Integration tests
-        run: ruby -I ruby -I ruby/lib ruby/tests/integration/test_integration.rb
-      - name: Diff integration output vs reference
-        run: diff ruby/tests/integration/integration.yaml tests/integration/reference.yaml
+      - name: Run Ruby tests (unit, integration, coverage)
+        run: bash tests/scripts/ruby.sh
 
   rust-tests:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
@@ -56,11 +41,10 @@ jobs:
       - uses: actions/setup-python@v5
         with:
           python-version: '3.10'
+      - run: sudo apt-get update && sudo apt-get install -y z3
       - run: pip install ruamel.yaml
-      - name: Integration tests
-        run: cd rust && cargo test -p lira-tests --test integration
-      - name: Diff integration output vs reference
-        run: diff rust/tests/integration/integration.yaml tests/integration/reference.yaml
+      - name: Run Rust tests (integration, with coverage)
+        run: bash tests/scripts/rust.sh
 
   cross-language:
     runs-on: ubuntu-latest
diff --git a/.gitignore b/.gitignore
index 915133f..85ca188 100644
--- a/.gitignore
+++ b/.gitignore
@@ -38,3 +38,4 @@ htmlcov/
 *.log
 .env
 build/
+tmp/
diff --git a/python/lira/__init__.py b/python/lira/__init__.py
index ea7988d..5b84bd5 100644
--- a/python/lira/__init__.py
+++ b/python/lira/__init__.py
@@ -6,5 +6,5 @@
     Instruction, InstructionEncoding, Snippet,
     SystemRegister, SystemRegisterField, TableInt,
 )
-from .arch_ser_yaml import write_arch, read_arch
+from .arch_ser_yaml import write_arch, read_arch, copy_arch
 from .ir_ops import BaseOp
diff --git a/python/lira/arch_ser_yaml.py b/python/lira/arch_ser_yaml.py
index 6151ed7..ff6d7a0 100644
--- a/python/lira/arch_ser_yaml.py
+++ b/python/lira/arch_ser_yaml.py
@@ -55,3 +55,7 @@ def read_arch(filepath: Path) -> Arch:
     with open(filepath, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
         data = yaml.load(f)
     return from_serializable(Arch, data)
+
+
+def copy_arch(path_input: Path, path_output: Path) -> None:
+    write_arch(read_arch(path_input), path_output)
diff --git a/python/tests/integration/copy_.py b/python/tests/integration/copy_.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..98d869e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/python/tests/integration/copy_.py
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+import sys
+from pathlib import Path
+
+ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[3]
+if str(ROOT) not in sys.path:
+    sys.path.insert(0, str(ROOT))
+
+from python.lira.arch_ser_yaml import copy_arch
+
+
+if __name__ == '__main__':
+    if len(sys.argv) != 3:
+        sys.exit('Usage: copy_.py <INPUT> <OUTPUT>')
+    copy_arch(Path(sys.argv[1]), Path(sys.argv[2]))
diff --git a/python/tests/integration/integration.yaml b/python/tests/integration/integration.yaml
deleted file mode 100644
index cd13447..0000000
--- a/python/tests/integration/integration.yaml
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,859 +0,0 @@
-name: TargetArch
-attributes: []
-register_files:
-  - name: XRegs
-    attributes: []
-    reg_size:
-      lanes_base: 32
-      lanes_mult:
-    regs:
-      - name: x0
-        attributes:
-          - zero
-      - name: x1
-        attributes: []
-      - name: x2
-        attributes: []
-      - name: x3
-        attributes: []
-      - name: x4
-        attributes: []
-      - name: x5
-        attributes: []
-      - name: x6
-        attributes: []
-      - name: x7
-        attributes: []
-      - name: x8
-        attributes: []
-  - name: SpecialRegs
-    attributes: []
-    reg_size:
-      lanes_base: 32
-      lanes_mult:
-    regs:
-      - name: pc
-        attributes:
-          - pc
-system_registers: []
-environment_functions:
-  - name: sysCall
-    attributes: []
-    inputs: []
-    outputs: []
-  - name: writeMem16
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 32
-      - 16
-    outputs: []
-  - name: readMem16
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 32
-    outputs:
-      - 16
-  - name: getPC
-    attributes: []
-    inputs: []
-    outputs:
-      - 32
-  - name: setPC
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 32
-    outputs: []
-tables_int: []
-operations:
-  - name: add_32
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 32
-      - 32
-    outputs:
-      - 32
-    semantic_base: :add
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: lsr_32
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 32
-      - 32
-    outputs:
-      - 32
-    semantic_base: :lsr
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extract_low_32_to_5
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 32
-    outputs:
-      - 5
-    semantic_base: :extract_low
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extend_zero_5_to_32
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 5
-    outputs:
-      - 32
-    semantic_base: :extend_zero
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extend_zero_1_to_32
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 1
-    outputs:
-      - 32
-    semantic_base: :extend_zero
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: lsl_32
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 32
-      - 32
-    outputs:
-      - 32
-    semantic_base: :lsl
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: orr_32
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 32
-      - 32
-    outputs:
-      - 32
-    semantic_base: :orr
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: and_32
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 32
-      - 32
-    outputs:
-      - 32
-    semantic_base: :and
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: eq_32
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 32
-      - 32
-    outputs:
-      - 1
-    semantic_base: :eq
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: select_32
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 1
-      - 32
-      - 32
-    outputs:
-      - 32
-    semantic_base: :select
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extract_low_32_to_1
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 32
-    outputs:
-      - 1
-    semantic_base: :extract_low
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extend_zero_1_to_13
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 1
-    outputs:
-      - 13
-    semantic_base: :extend_zero
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extend_zero_13_to_32
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 13
-    outputs:
-      - 32
-    semantic_base: :extend_zero
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extract_low_32_to_6
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 32
-    outputs:
-      - 6
-    semantic_base: :extract_low
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extend_zero_6_to_13
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 6
-    outputs:
-      - 13
-    semantic_base: :extend_zero
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extract_low_32_to_4
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 32
-    outputs:
-      - 4
-    semantic_base: :extract_low
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extend_zero_4_to_13
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 4
-    outputs:
-      - 13
-    semantic_base: :extend_zero
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extract_low_32_to_13
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 32
-    outputs:
-      - 13
-    semantic_base: :extract_low
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extend_sign_13_to_32
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 13
-    outputs:
-      - 32
-    semantic_base: :extend_sign
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extract_low_32_to_12
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 32
-    outputs:
-      - 12
-    semantic_base: :extract_low
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extend_sign_12_to_32
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 12
-    outputs:
-      - 32
-    semantic_base: :extend_sign
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extract_low_32_to_16
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 32
-    outputs:
-      - 16
-    semantic_base: :extract_low
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extract_low_32_to_7
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 32
-    outputs:
-      - 7
-    semantic_base: :extract_low
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extend_zero_7_to_12
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 7
-    outputs:
-      - 12
-    semantic_base: :extend_zero
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extend_zero_12_to_32
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 12
-    outputs:
-      - 32
-    semantic_base: :extend_zero
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extend_zero_5_to_12
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 5
-    outputs:
-      - 12
-    semantic_base: :extend_zero
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extend_sign_16_to_32
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 16
-    outputs:
-      - 32
-    semantic_base: :extend_sign
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-  - name: extend_zero_16_to_32
-    attributes: []
-    inputs:
-      - 16
-    outputs:
-      - 32
-    semantic_base: :extend_zero
-    semantic_func:
-    semantic_func_128:
-    semantic_table:
-snippets:
-  - name: decode_0
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t3 = const 20;
-      1 32 _t4 = op lsr_32 _t1 _t3;
-      1 5 _t5 = op extract_low_32_to_5 _t4;
-      1 32 _t6 = op extend_zero_5_to_32 _t5;
-      1 = output 0 _t6;
-  - name: decode_1
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t3 = const 15;
-      1 32 _t4 = op lsr_32 _t1 _t3;
-      1 5 _t5 = op extract_low_32_to_5 _t4;
-      1 32 _t6 = op extend_zero_5_to_32 _t5;
-      1 = output 0 _t6;
-  - name: decode_2
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t3 = const 7;
-      1 32 _t4 = op lsr_32 _t1 _t3;
-      1 5 _t5 = op extract_low_32_to_5 _t4;
-      1 32 _t6 = op extend_zero_5_to_32 _t5;
-      1 = output 0 _t6;
-  - name: encode_0
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t2 = input 1;
-      1 32 _t3 = input 2;
-      1 32 _t4 = const 0;
-      1 1 _t5 = const 51;
-      1 32 _t6 = op extend_zero_1_to_32 _t5;
-      1 32 _t7 = const 6;
-      1 32 _t8 = op lsl_32 _t6 _t7;
-      1 32 _t9 = op orr_32 _t4 _t8;
-      1 32 _t10 = const 11;
-      1 32 _t11 = op lsl_32 _t3 _t10;
-      1 32 _t12 = op orr_32 _t9 _t11;
-      1 1 _t13 = const 0;
-      1 32 _t14 = op extend_zero_1_to_32 _t13;
-      1 32 _t15 = const 14;
-      1 32 _t16 = op lsl_32 _t14 _t15;
-      1 32 _t17 = op orr_32 _t12 _t16;
-      1 32 _t18 = const 19;
-      1 32 _t19 = op lsl_32 _t2 _t18;
-      1 32 _t20 = op orr_32 _t17 _t19;
-      1 32 _t21 = const 24;
-      1 32 _t22 = op lsl_32 _t1 _t21;
-      1 32 _t23 = op orr_32 _t20 _t22;
-      1 1 _t24 = const 0;
-      1 32 _t25 = op extend_zero_1_to_32 _t24;
-      1 32 _t26 = const 31;
-      1 32 _t27 = op lsl_32 _t25 _t26;
-      1 32 _t28 = op orr_32 _t23 _t27;
-      1 = output 0 _t28;
-  - name: constraint_0
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t2 = const 4261441663;
-      1 32 _t3 = op and_32 _t1 _t2;
-      1 32 _t4 = const 51;
-      1 1 _t5 = op eq_32 _t3 _t4;
-      1 = output 0 _t5;
-  - name: decode_3
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t3 = const 31;
-      1 32 _t4 = op lsr_32 _t1 _t3;
-      1 1 _t5 = op extract_low_32_to_1 _t4;
-      1 13 _t6 = op extend_zero_1_to_13 _t5;
-      1 32 _t8 = const 12;
-      1 32 _t9 = op extend_zero_13_to_32 _t6;
-      1 32 _t10 = op lsl_32 _t9 _t8;
-      1 32 _t12 = const 7;
-      1 32 _t13 = op lsr_32 _t1 _t12;
-      1 1 _t14 = op extract_low_32_to_1 _t13;
-      1 13 _t15 = op extend_zero_1_to_13 _t14;
-      1 32 _t17 = const 11;
-      1 32 _t18 = op extend_zero_13_to_32 _t15;
-      1 32 _t19 = op lsl_32 _t18 _t17;
-      1 32 _t21 = op orr_32 _t10 _t19;
-      1 32 _t23 = const 25;
-      1 32 _t24 = op lsr_32 _t1 _t23;
-      1 6 _t25 = op extract_low_32_to_6 _t24;
-      1 13 _t26 = op extend_zero_6_to_13 _t25;
-      1 32 _t28 = const 5;
-      1 32 _t29 = op extend_zero_13_to_32 _t26;
-      1 32 _t30 = op lsl_32 _t29 _t28;
-      1 32 _t32 = op orr_32 _t21 _t30;
-      1 32 _t34 = const 8;
-      1 32 _t35 = op lsr_32 _t1 _t34;
-      1 4 _t36 = op extract_low_32_to_4 _t35;
-      1 13 _t37 = op extend_zero_4_to_13 _t36;
-      1 32 _t39 = const 1;
-      1 32 _t40 = op extend_zero_13_to_32 _t37;
-      1 32 _t41 = op lsl_32 _t40 _t39;
-      1 32 _t43 = op orr_32 _t32 _t41;
-      1 13 _t45 = op extract_low_32_to_13 _t43;
-      1 32 _t46 = op extend_sign_13_to_32 _t45;
-      1 = output 0 _t46;
-  - name: encode_1
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t2 = input 1;
-      1 32 _t3 = input 2;
-      1 32 _t4 = const 0;
-      1 1 _t5 = const 99;
-      1 32 _t6 = op extend_zero_1_to_32 _t5;
-      1 32 _t7 = const 6;
-      1 32 _t8 = op lsl_32 _t6 _t7;
-      1 32 _t9 = op orr_32 _t4 _t8;
-      1 1 _t10 = const 0;
-      1 32 _t11 = op extend_zero_1_to_32 _t10;
-      1 32 _t12 = const 14;
-      1 32 _t13 = op lsl_32 _t11 _t12;
-      1 32 _t14 = op orr_32 _t9 _t13;
-      1 32 _t15 = const 19;
-      1 32 _t16 = op lsl_32 _t2 _t15;
-      1 32 _t17 = op orr_32 _t14 _t16;
-      1 32 _t18 = const 24;
-      1 32 _t19 = op lsl_32 _t3 _t18;
-      1 32 _t20 = op orr_32 _t17 _t19;
-      1 = output 0 _t20;
-  - name: constraint_1
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t2 = const 28799;
-      1 32 _t3 = op and_32 _t1 _t2;
-      1 32 _t4 = const 99;
-      1 1 _t5 = op eq_32 _t3 _t4;
-      1 = output 0 _t5;
-  - name: decode_4
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t3 = const 20;
-      1 32 _t4 = op lsr_32 _t1 _t3;
-      1 12 _t5 = op extract_low_32_to_12 _t4;
-      1 32 _t6 = op extend_sign_12_to_32 _t5;
-      1 = output 0 _t6;
-  - name: encode_2
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t2 = input 1;
-      1 32 _t3 = input 2;
-      1 32 _t4 = const 0;
-      1 1 _t5 = const 103;
-      1 32 _t6 = op extend_zero_1_to_32 _t5;
-      1 32 _t7 = const 6;
-      1 32 _t8 = op lsl_32 _t6 _t7;
-      1 32 _t9 = op orr_32 _t4 _t8;
-      1 32 _t10 = const 11;
-      1 32 _t11 = op lsl_32 _t3 _t10;
-      1 32 _t12 = op orr_32 _t9 _t11;
-      1 1 _t13 = const 0;
-      1 32 _t14 = op extend_zero_1_to_32 _t13;
-      1 32 _t15 = const 14;
-      1 32 _t16 = op lsl_32 _t14 _t15;
-      1 32 _t17 = op orr_32 _t12 _t16;
-      1 32 _t18 = const 19;
-      1 32 _t19 = op lsl_32 _t2 _t18;
-      1 32 _t20 = op orr_32 _t17 _t19;
-      1 32 _t21 = const 31;
-      1 32 _t22 = op lsl_32 _t1 _t21;
-      1 32 _t23 = op orr_32 _t20 _t22;
-      1 = output 0 _t23;
-  - name: constraint_2
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t2 = const 28799;
-      1 32 _t3 = op and_32 _t1 _t2;
-      1 32 _t4 = const 103;
-      1 1 _t5 = op eq_32 _t3 _t4;
-      1 = output 0 _t5;
-  - name: decode_5
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t3 = const 25;
-      1 32 _t4 = op lsr_32 _t1 _t3;
-      1 7 _t5 = op extract_low_32_to_7 _t4;
-      1 12 _t6 = op extend_zero_7_to_12 _t5;
-      1 32 _t8 = const 5;
-      1 32 _t9 = op extend_zero_12_to_32 _t6;
-      1 32 _t10 = op lsl_32 _t9 _t8;
-      1 32 _t12 = const 7;
-      1 32 _t13 = op lsr_32 _t1 _t12;
-      1 5 _t14 = op extract_low_32_to_5 _t13;
-      1 12 _t15 = op extend_zero_5_to_12 _t14;
-      1 32 _t17 = op extend_zero_12_to_32 _t15;
-      1 32 _t18 = op orr_32 _t10 _t17;
-      1 12 _t20 = op extract_low_32_to_12 _t18;
-      1 32 _t21 = op extend_sign_12_to_32 _t20;
-      1 = output 0 _t21;
-  - name: encode_3
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t2 = input 1;
-      1 32 _t3 = input 2;
-      1 32 _t4 = const 0;
-      1 1 _t5 = const 35;
-      1 32 _t6 = op extend_zero_1_to_32 _t5;
-      1 32 _t7 = const 6;
-      1 32 _t8 = op lsl_32 _t6 _t7;
-      1 32 _t9 = op orr_32 _t4 _t8;
-      1 1 _t10 = const 1;
-      1 32 _t11 = op extend_zero_1_to_32 _t10;
-      1 32 _t12 = const 14;
-      1 32 _t13 = op lsl_32 _t11 _t12;
-      1 32 _t14 = op orr_32 _t9 _t13;
-      1 32 _t15 = const 19;
-      1 32 _t16 = op lsl_32 _t2 _t15;
-      1 32 _t17 = op orr_32 _t14 _t16;
-      1 32 _t18 = const 24;
-      1 32 _t19 = op lsl_32 _t3 _t18;
-      1 32 _t20 = op orr_32 _t17 _t19;
-      1 = output 0 _t20;
-  - name: constraint_3
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t2 = const 28799;
-      1 32 _t3 = op and_32 _t1 _t2;
-      1 32 _t4 = const 4131;
-      1 1 _t5 = op eq_32 _t3 _t4;
-      1 = output 0 _t5;
-  - name: encode_4
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t2 = input 1;
-      1 32 _t3 = input 2;
-      1 32 _t4 = const 0;
-      1 1 _t5 = const 3;
-      1 32 _t6 = op extend_zero_1_to_32 _t5;
-      1 32 _t7 = const 6;
-      1 32 _t8 = op lsl_32 _t6 _t7;
-      1 32 _t9 = op orr_32 _t4 _t8;
-      1 32 _t10 = const 11;
-      1 32 _t11 = op lsl_32 _t3 _t10;
-      1 32 _t12 = op orr_32 _t9 _t11;
-      1 1 _t13 = const 1;
-      1 32 _t14 = op extend_zero_1_to_32 _t13;
-      1 32 _t15 = const 14;
-      1 32 _t16 = op lsl_32 _t14 _t15;
-      1 32 _t17 = op orr_32 _t12 _t16;
-      1 32 _t18 = const 19;
-      1 32 _t19 = op lsl_32 _t2 _t18;
-      1 32 _t20 = op orr_32 _t17 _t19;
-      1 32 _t21 = const 31;
-      1 32 _t22 = op lsl_32 _t1 _t21;
-      1 32 _t23 = op orr_32 _t20 _t22;
-      1 = output 0 _t23;
-  - name: constraint_4
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t2 = const 28799;
-      1 32 _t3 = op and_32 _t1 _t2;
-      1 32 _t4 = const 4099;
-      1 1 _t5 = op eq_32 _t3 _t4;
-      1 = output 0 _t5;
-  - name: encode_5
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t2 = input 1;
-      1 32 _t3 = input 2;
-      1 32 _t4 = const 0;
-      1 1 _t5 = const 3;
-      1 32 _t6 = op extend_zero_1_to_32 _t5;
-      1 32 _t7 = const 6;
-      1 32 _t8 = op lsl_32 _t6 _t7;
-      1 32 _t9 = op orr_32 _t4 _t8;
-      1 32 _t10 = const 11;
-      1 32 _t11 = op lsl_32 _t3 _t10;
-      1 32 _t12 = op orr_32 _t9 _t11;
-      1 1 _t13 = const 5;
-      1 32 _t14 = op extend_zero_1_to_32 _t13;
-      1 32 _t15 = const 14;
-      1 32 _t16 = op lsl_32 _t14 _t15;
-      1 32 _t17 = op orr_32 _t12 _t16;
-      1 32 _t18 = const 19;
-      1 32 _t19 = op lsl_32 _t2 _t18;
-      1 32 _t20 = op orr_32 _t17 _t19;
-      1 32 _t21 = const 31;
-      1 32 _t22 = op lsl_32 _t1 _t21;
-      1 32 _t23 = op orr_32 _t20 _t22;
-      1 = output 0 _t23;
-  - name: constraint_5
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t2 = const 28799;
-      1 32 _t3 = op and_32 _t1 _t2;
-      1 32 _t4 = const 20483;
-      1 1 _t5 = op eq_32 _t3 _t4;
-      1 = output 0 _t5;
-  - name: constraint_6
-    seq: |
-      1 32 _t1 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t2 = const 4294967295;
-      1 32 _t3 = op and_32 _t1 _t2;
-      1 32 _t4 = const 115;
-      1 1 _t5 = op eq_32 _t3 _t4;
-      1 = output 0 _t5;
-instructions:
-  - name: add
-    attributes: []
-    operand_sizes:
-      - 32
-      - 32
-      - 32
-    operand_names:
-      - rs2
-      - rs1
-      - rd
-    encoding:
-      encoded_size: 32
-      const_encoding_part: 51
-      const_mask: 4261441663
-      decode:
-        - decode_0
-        - decode_1
-        - decode_2
-      encode: encode_0
-      constraint_decode: constraint_0
-      constraint_encode: ''
-    semantic: |
-      1 32 _t3 = input 1;
-      1 32 _t4 = read XRegs _t3;
-      1 32 _t7 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t8 = read XRegs _t7;
-      1 32 _t10 = op add_32 _t4 _t8;
-      1 32 _t11 = input 2;
-      1 = write XRegs _t11 _t10;
-  - name: beq
-    attributes: []
-    operand_sizes:
-      - 32
-      - 32
-      - 32
-    operand_names:
-      - imm
-      - rs1
-      - rs2
-    encoding:
-      encoded_size: 32
-      const_encoding_part: 99
-      const_mask: 28799
-      decode:
-        - decode_3
-        - decode_1
-        - decode_0
-      encode: encode_1
-      constraint_decode: constraint_1
-      constraint_encode: ''
-    semantic: |
-      1 32 _t3 = input 1;
-      1 32 _t4 = read XRegs _t3;
-      1 32 _t6 = input 2;
-      1 32 _t7 = read XRegs _t6;
-      1 1 _t8 = op eq_32 _t4 _t7;
-      1 32 _t10 = env getPC;
-      1 32 _t11 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t12 = op add_32 _t10 _t11;
-      1 32 _t14 = const 4;
-      1 32 _t15 = op add_32 _t10 _t14;
-      1 32 _t17 = op select_32 _t8 _t12 _t15;
-      1 = env setPC _t17;
-  - name: jalr
-    attributes: []
-    operand_sizes:
-      - 32
-      - 32
-      - 32
-    operand_names:
-      - imm
-      - rs1
-      - rd
-    encoding:
-      encoded_size: 32
-      const_encoding_part: 103
-      const_mask: 28799
-      decode:
-        - decode_4
-        - decode_1
-        - decode_2
-      encode: encode_2
-      constraint_decode: constraint_2
-      constraint_encode: ''
-    semantic: |
-      1 32 _t2 = env getPC;
-      1 32 _t3 = const 4;
-      1 32 _t4 = op add_32 _t2 _t3;
-      1 32 _t8 = input 1;
-      1 32 _t9 = read XRegs _t8;
-      1 32 _t10 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t11 = op add_32 _t9 _t10;
-      1 32 _t13 = const -2;
-      1 32 _t14 = op and_32 _t11 _t13;
-      1 = env setPC _t14;
-      1 32 _t15 = input 2;
-      1 = write XRegs _t15 _t4;
-  - name: sh
-    attributes: []
-    operand_sizes:
-      - 32
-      - 32
-      - 32
-    operand_names:
-      - imm
-      - rs1
-      - rs2
-    encoding:
-      encoded_size: 32
-      const_encoding_part: 4131
-      const_mask: 28799
-      decode:
-        - decode_5
-        - decode_1
-        - decode_0
-      encode: encode_3
-      constraint_decode: constraint_3
-      constraint_encode: ''
-    semantic: |
-      1 32 _t3 = input 1;
-      1 32 _t4 = read XRegs _t3;
-      1 32 _t5 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t6 = op add_32 _t4 _t5;
-      1 32 _t9 = input 2;
-      1 32 _t10 = read XRegs _t9;
-      1 32 _t11 = const 0;
-      1 32 _t12 = op lsr_32 _t10 _t11;
-      1 16 _t13 = op extract_low_32_to_16 _t12;
-      1 = env writeMem16 _t6 _t13;
-  - name: lh
-    attributes: []
-    operand_sizes:
-      - 32
-      - 32
-      - 32
-    operand_names:
-      - imm
-      - rs1
-      - rd
-    encoding:
-      encoded_size: 32
-      const_encoding_part: 4099
-      const_mask: 28799
-      decode:
-        - decode_4
-        - decode_1
-        - decode_2
-      encode: encode_4
-      constraint_decode: constraint_4
-      constraint_encode: ''
-    semantic: |
-      1 32 _t3 = input 1;
-      1 32 _t4 = read XRegs _t3;
-      1 32 _t5 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t6 = op add_32 _t4 _t5;
-      1 16 _t8 = env readMem16 _t6;
-      1 32 _t10 = op extend_sign_16_to_32 _t8;
-      1 32 _t11 = input 2;
-      1 = write XRegs _t11 _t10;
-  - name: lhu
-    attributes: []
-    operand_sizes:
-      - 32
-      - 32
-      - 32
-    operand_names:
-      - imm
-      - rs1
-      - rd
-    encoding:
-      encoded_size: 32
-      const_encoding_part: 20483
-      const_mask: 28799
-      decode:
-        - decode_4
-        - decode_1
-        - decode_2
-      encode: encode_5
-      constraint_decode: constraint_5
-      constraint_encode: ''
-    semantic: |
-      1 32 _t3 = input 1;
-      1 32 _t4 = read XRegs _t3;
-      1 32 _t5 = input 0;
-      1 32 _t6 = op add_32 _t4 _t5;
-      1 16 _t8 = env readMem16 _t6;
-      1 32 _t10 = op extend_zero_16_to_32 _t8;
-      1 32 _t11 = input 2;
-      1 = write XRegs _t11 _t10;
-  - name: ecall
-    attributes: []
-    operand_sizes: []
-    operand_names: []
-    encoding:
-      encoded_size: 32
-      const_encoding_part: 115
-      const_mask: 4294967295
-      decode: []
-      encode: ''
-      constraint_decode: constraint_6
-      constraint_encode: ''
-    semantic: |
-      1 = env sysCall;
diff --git a/python/tests/integration/test_integration.py b/python/tests/integration/test_integration.py
index 6f79da7..3bbc0c5 100644
--- a/python/tests/integration/test_integration.py
+++ b/python/tests/integration/test_integration.py
@@ -11,10 +11,11 @@
 def test_integration():
     ref_arch = arch_ser_yaml.read_arch(REFERENCE)
 
-    output = PROJECT_ROOT / "python" / "tests" / "integration" / "integration.yaml"
+    output = PROJECT_ROOT / "tmp" / "integration.yaml"
+    output.parent.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
     raw = output.with_suffix(".raw.yaml")
     try:
-        arch_ser_yaml.write_arch(ref_arch, raw)
+        arch_ser_yaml.copy_arch(REFERENCE, raw)
         subprocess.run(
             [sys.executable, str(CANONICALIZE), str(raw), str(output)], check=True
         )
diff --git a/ruby/lira/arch_ser_yaml.rb b/ruby/lira/arch_ser_yaml.rb
index ba68c65..6ab6b44 100644
--- a/ruby/lira/arch_ser_yaml.rb
+++ b/ruby/lira/arch_ser_yaml.rb
@@ -56,5 +56,9 @@ def read_arch(filepath)
       data = YAML.load_file(filepath)
       from_serializable(Arch, data)
     end
+
+    def copy_arch(src, dst)
+      write_arch(read_arch(src), dst)
+    end
   end
 end
diff --git a/ruby/tests/integration/copy.rb b/ruby/tests/integration/copy.rb
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8ee9742
--- /dev/null
+++ b/ruby/tests/integration/copy.rb
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+$LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path('../..', __dir__))
+require 'lira'
+include Lira
+
+if ARGV.length != 2
+  $stderr.puts "Usage: #{$0} <input.yaml> <output.yaml>"
+  exit 1
+end
+
+ArchSerYaml.copy_arch(ARGV[0], ARGV[1])
diff --git a/ruby/tests/integration/test_integration.rb b/ruby/tests/integration/test_integration.rb
index b838a0b..da6ce6d 100644
--- a/ruby/tests/integration/test_integration.rb
+++ b/ruby/tests/integration/test_integration.rb
@@ -1,13 +1,15 @@
 $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path('../..', __dir__))
 require 'lira'
 require 'minitest/autorun'
+require 'fileutils'
 
 include Lira
 
 PROJECT_ROOT = File.expand_path('../../..', __dir__)
 REFERENCE = File.join(PROJECT_ROOT, 'tests', 'integration', 'reference.yaml')
 CANONICALIZE = File.join(PROJECT_ROOT, 'tools', 'yaml_canonicalize.py')
-OUTPUT = File.join(__dir__, 'integration.yaml')
+OUTPUT = File.join(PROJECT_ROOT, 'tmp', 'integration.yaml')
+FileUtils.mkdir_p(File.dirname(OUTPUT))
 
 class TestIntegration < Minitest::Test
   def test_roundtrip_from_reference
@@ -15,7 +17,7 @@ def test_roundtrip_from_reference
 
     raw = "#{OUTPUT}.raw"
     begin
-      ArchSerYaml.write_arch(ref_arch, raw)
+      ArchSerYaml.copy_arch(REFERENCE, raw)
       system('python3', CANONICALIZE, raw, OUTPUT)
       File.delete(raw)
 
diff --git a/rust/Cargo.lock b/rust/Cargo.lock
index 25f8382..5e47705 100644
--- a/rust/Cargo.lock
+++ b/rust/Cargo.lock
@@ -166,6 +166,14 @@ version = "1.0.5"
 source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
 checksum = "1d07550c9036bf2ae0c684c4297d503f838287c83c53686d05370d0e139ae570"
 
+[[package]]
+name = "copy"
+version = "0.1.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "anyhow",
+ "lira",
+]
+
 [[package]]
 name = "crossbeam"
 version = "0.8.4"
@@ -581,6 +589,7 @@ name = "lira-tests"
 version = "0.1.0"
 dependencies = [
  "anyhow",
+ "copy",
  "lira",
 ]
 
diff --git a/rust/Cargo.toml b/rust/Cargo.toml
index f534875..43c02f4 100644
--- a/rust/Cargo.toml
+++ b/rust/Cargo.toml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [workspace]
 resolver = "3"
 
-members = ["lira", "lira_trs", "tests"]
+members = ["lira", "lira_trs", "tests", "copy"]
 
 [workspace.dependencies]
 anyhow = "1.0.102"
diff --git a/rust/copy/Cargo.toml b/rust/copy/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d3dc32e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/copy/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+[package]
+name = "copy"
+version = "0.1.0"
+edition = "2024"
+
+[dependencies]
+lira.path = "../lira"
+anyhow = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/rust/copy/src/lib.rs b/rust/copy/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6c92c9a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/copy/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+use std::path::Path;
+
+pub fn copy_arch(src: &Path, dst: &Path) -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    lira::Arch::read_yaml(src)?.write_yaml(dst)
+}
diff --git a/rust/copy/src/main.rs b/rust/copy/src/main.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..4ffffaf
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/copy/src/main.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+fn main() -> anyhow::Result<()> {
+    let args: Vec<_> = std::env::args().collect();
+    assert!(args.len() == 3, "Usage: copy <INPUT> <OUTPUT>");
+    copy::copy_arch(std::path::Path::new(&args[1]), std::path::Path::new(&args[2]))
+}
diff --git a/rust/tests/Cargo.toml b/rust/tests/Cargo.toml
index 8f595ab..26092f0 100644
--- a/rust/tests/Cargo.toml
+++ b/rust/tests/Cargo.toml
@@ -13,4 +13,5 @@ path = "integration/main.rs"
 
 [dependencies]
 lira = { path = "../lira" }
+copy = { path = "../copy" }
 anyhow = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/rust/tests/integration/main.rs b/rust/tests/integration/main.rs
index 3d965a4..36e1810 100644
--- a/rust/tests/integration/main.rs
+++ b/rust/tests/integration/main.rs
@@ -19,13 +19,11 @@ fn test_roundtrip_from_reference() {
         .join("reference.yaml");
     let ref_arch = Arch::read_yaml(&ref_path).unwrap();
 
-    let output = PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
-        .join("integration")
-        .join("integration.yaml");
+    let output = project_root().join("tmp").join("integration.yaml");
     std::fs::create_dir_all(output.parent().unwrap()).ok();
     let raw = output.with_extension("raw.yaml");
 
-    ref_arch.write_yaml(&raw).unwrap();
+    copy::copy_arch(&ref_path, &raw).unwrap();
     let canonicalize = project_root().join("tools").join("yaml_canonicalize.py");
     std::process::Command::new("python3")
         .arg(&canonicalize)
diff --git a/tests/cross_language/test_cross.py b/tests/cross_language/test_cross.py
index 88b9ebf..76b3d81 100644
--- a/tests/cross_language/test_cross.py
+++ b/tests/cross_language/test_cross.py
@@ -3,21 +3,24 @@
 
 import pytest
 
-sys.path.insert(0, str(Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent))
+ROOT = Path(__file__).parent.parent.parent
+sys.path.insert(0, str(ROOT))
 
 from python.lira import arch_ser_yaml
 
 CROSS_DIR = Path(__file__).parent
-REFERENCE = Path(__file__).parent.parent / "integration" / "reference.yaml"
+REFERENCE = CROSS_DIR.parent / "integration" / "reference.yaml"
+TMP_DIR = ROOT / "tmp"
+TMP_DIR.mkdir(exist_ok=True)
 
-PY_OUT = CROSS_DIR / "py_native.yaml"
-RB_OUT = CROSS_DIR / "rb_native.yaml"
-RS_OUT = CROSS_DIR / "rs_native.yaml"
+PY_OUT = TMP_DIR / "py_native.yaml"
+RB_OUT = TMP_DIR / "rb_native.yaml"
+RS_OUT = TMP_DIR / "rs_native.yaml"
 
 
 def test_python_write_and_self_read():
     arch = arch_ser_yaml.read_arch(REFERENCE)
-    arch_ser_yaml.write_arch(arch, PY_OUT)
+    arch_ser_yaml.copy_arch(REFERENCE, PY_OUT)
     arch2 = arch_ser_yaml.read_arch(PY_OUT)
     assert arch == arch2
 
@@ -26,8 +29,8 @@ def test_python_reads_ruby():
     if not RB_OUT.exists():
         pytest.skip("rb_native.yaml not found")
     arch = arch_ser_yaml.read_arch(RB_OUT)
-    arch_ser_yaml.write_arch(arch, CROSS_DIR / "py_from_rb.yaml")
-    arch2 = arch_ser_yaml.read_arch(CROSS_DIR / "py_from_rb.yaml")
+    arch_ser_yaml.copy_arch(RB_OUT, TMP_DIR / "py_from_rb.yaml")
+    arch2 = arch_ser_yaml.read_arch(TMP_DIR / "py_from_rb.yaml")
     assert arch == arch2
 
 
@@ -35,6 +38,6 @@ def test_python_reads_rust():
     if not RS_OUT.exists():
         pytest.skip("rs_native.yaml not found")
     arch = arch_ser_yaml.read_arch(RS_OUT)
-    arch_ser_yaml.write_arch(arch, CROSS_DIR / "py_from_rs.yaml")
-    arch2 = arch_ser_yaml.read_arch(CROSS_DIR / "py_from_rs.yaml")
+    arch_ser_yaml.copy_arch(RS_OUT, TMP_DIR / "py_from_rs.yaml")
+    arch2 = arch_ser_yaml.read_arch(TMP_DIR / "py_from_rs.yaml")
     assert arch == arch2
diff --git a/tests/cross_language/test_cross.rb b/tests/cross_language/test_cross.rb
index da42114..51e2ae4 100644
--- a/tests/cross_language/test_cross.rb
+++ b/tests/cross_language/test_cross.rb
@@ -2,20 +2,24 @@
 $LOAD_PATH.unshift(File.expand_path('../..', __dir__))
 require 'lira'
 require 'minitest/autorun'
+require 'fileutils'
 
 include Lira
 
+ROOT = File.expand_path('../..', __dir__)
 CROSS_DIR = File.expand_path(__dir__)
 REFERENCE = File.join(CROSS_DIR, '..', 'integration', 'reference.yaml')
+TMP_DIR = File.join(ROOT, 'tmp')
+FileUtils.mkdir_p(TMP_DIR)
 
-RB_OUT = File.join(CROSS_DIR, 'rb_native.yaml')
-PY_OUT = File.join(CROSS_DIR, 'py_native.yaml')
-RS_OUT = File.join(CROSS_DIR, 'rs_native.yaml')
+RB_OUT = File.join(TMP_DIR, 'rb_native.yaml')
+PY_OUT = File.join(TMP_DIR, 'py_native.yaml')
+RS_OUT = File.join(TMP_DIR, 'rs_native.yaml')
 
 class TestCrossLanguage < Minitest::Test
   def test_ruby_write_and_self_read
     arch = ArchSerYaml.read_arch(REFERENCE)
-    ArchSerYaml.write_arch(arch, RB_OUT)
+    ArchSerYaml.copy_arch(REFERENCE, RB_OUT)
     arch2 = ArchSerYaml.read_arch(RB_OUT)
     assert_equal arch, arch2
   end
@@ -23,16 +27,16 @@ def test_ruby_write_and_self_read
   def test_ruby_reads_python
     skip('py_native.yaml not found') unless File.exist?(PY_OUT)
     arch = ArchSerYaml.read_arch(PY_OUT)
-    ArchSerYaml.write_arch(arch, File.join(CROSS_DIR, 'rb_from_py.yaml'))
-    arch2 = ArchSerYaml.read_arch(File.join(CROSS_DIR, 'rb_from_py.yaml'))
+    ArchSerYaml.copy_arch(PY_OUT, File.join(TMP_DIR, 'rb_from_py.yaml'))
+    arch2 = ArchSerYaml.read_arch(File.join(TMP_DIR, 'rb_from_py.yaml'))
     assert_equal arch, arch2
   end
 
   def test_ruby_reads_rust
     skip('rs_native.yaml not found') unless File.exist?(RS_OUT)
     arch = ArchSerYaml.read_arch(RS_OUT)
-    ArchSerYaml.write_arch(arch, File.join(CROSS_DIR, 'rb_from_rs.yaml'))
-    arch2 = ArchSerYaml.read_arch(File.join(CROSS_DIR, 'rb_from_rs.yaml'))
+    ArchSerYaml.copy_arch(RS_OUT, File.join(TMP_DIR, 'rb_from_rs.yaml'))
+    arch2 = ArchSerYaml.read_arch(File.join(TMP_DIR, 'rb_from_rs.yaml'))
     assert_equal arch, arch2
   end
 end
diff --git a/tests/cross_language/test_cross.rs b/tests/cross_language/test_cross.rs
index 39e4c88..72eca08 100644
--- a/tests/cross_language/test_cross.rs
+++ b/tests/cross_language/test_cross.rs
@@ -2,20 +2,24 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use lira::*;
 
-fn cross_dir() -> PathBuf {
+fn project_root() -> PathBuf {
     PathBuf::from(env!("CARGO_MANIFEST_DIR"))
         .parent()
         .unwrap()
         .parent()
         .unwrap()
-        .join("tests")
-        .join("cross_language")
+        .to_path_buf()
+}
+
+fn tmp_dir() -> PathBuf {
+    let dir = project_root().join("tmp");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).ok();
+    dir
 }
 
 fn reference() -> PathBuf {
-    cross_dir()
-        .parent()
-        .unwrap()
+    project_root()
+        .join("tests")
         .join("integration")
         .join("reference.yaml")
 }
@@ -23,21 +27,21 @@ fn reference() -> PathBuf {
 #[test]
 fn test_rust_write_and_self_read() {
     let arch = Arch::read_yaml(&reference()).unwrap();
-    let out = cross_dir().join("rs_native.yaml");
-    arch.write_yaml(&out).unwrap();
+    let out = tmp_dir().join("rs_native.yaml");
+    copy::copy_arch(&reference(), &out).unwrap();
     let arch2 = Arch::read_yaml(&out).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(arch, arch2);
 }
 
 #[test]
 fn test_rust_reads_python() {
-    let py_out = cross_dir().join("py_native.yaml");
+    let py_out = tmp_dir().join("py_native.yaml");
     if !py_out.exists() {
         return;
     }
     let arch = Arch::read_yaml(&py_out).unwrap();
-    let tmp = cross_dir().join("rs_from_py.yaml");
-    arch.write_yaml(&tmp).unwrap();
+    let tmp = tmp_dir().join("rs_from_py.yaml");
+    copy::copy_arch(&py_out, &tmp).unwrap();
     let arch2 = Arch::read_yaml(&tmp).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(arch, arch2);
     std::fs::remove_file(&tmp).ok();
@@ -45,13 +49,13 @@ fn test_rust_reads_python() {
 
 #[test]
 fn test_rust_reads_ruby() {
-    let rb_out = cross_dir().join("rb_native.yaml");
+    let rb_out = tmp_dir().join("rb_native.yaml");
     if !rb_out.exists() {
         return;
     }
     let arch = Arch::read_yaml(&rb_out).unwrap();
-    let tmp = cross_dir().join("rs_from_rb.yaml");
-    arch.write_yaml(&tmp).unwrap();
+    let tmp = tmp_dir().join("rs_from_rb.yaml");
+    copy::copy_arch(&rb_out, &tmp).unwrap();
     let arch2 = Arch::read_yaml(&tmp).unwrap();
     assert_eq!(arch, arch2);
     std::fs::remove_file(&tmp).ok();
diff --git a/tests/scripts/python.sh b/tests/scripts/python.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..dc856db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/scripts/python.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -ex
+
+echo "=== Python tests ==="
+pytest python/tests/unit/ -v
+pytest --cov=python/lira python/tests/unit/ --cov-report=term
+bash tests/scripts/round_trip.sh "python3 python/tests/integration/copy_.py"
+pytest python/tests/integration/ -v
diff --git a/tests/scripts/round_trip.sh b/tests/scripts/round_trip.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..65c58dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/scripts/round_trip.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -e
+
+[ $# -eq 1 ] || { echo "Usage: $0 <copy_script>"; exit 1; }
+
+REF=tests/integration/reference.yaml
+
+mkdir -p tmp
+$1 $REF tmp/raw1.yaml
+$1 tmp/raw1.yaml tmp/raw2.yaml
+# Round‑trip without canonicalization
+diff tmp/raw1.yaml tmp/raw2.yaml
+python3 tools/yaml_canonicalize.py tmp/raw1.yaml tmp/out.yaml
+# Round‑trip with canonicalization
+diff tmp/out.yaml $REF
diff --git a/tests/scripts/ruby.sh b/tests/scripts/ruby.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..8b7c18c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/scripts/ruby.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -ex
+
+echo "=== Ruby tests ==="
+ruby -I ruby -I ruby/lib ruby/tests/unit/test_ir_ser_txt.rb
+ruby -I ruby -I ruby/lib ruby/tests/unit/test_arch_ser_yaml.rb
+ruby -I ruby -I ruby/lib ruby/tests/unit/test_ir_builder.rb
+ruby -r simplecov -I ruby -I ruby/lib -e 'SimpleCov.start; Dir["ruby/tests/unit/*.rb"].each { |f| require_relative f }'
+bash tests/scripts/round_trip.sh "ruby ruby/tests/integration/copy.rb"
+ruby -I ruby -I ruby/lib ruby/tests/integration/test_integration.rb
diff --git a/tests/scripts/rust.sh b/tests/scripts/rust.sh
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..2cbe3dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/scripts/rust.sh
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#!/bin/bash
+set -ex
+
+echo "=== Rust tests ==="
+cargo test --manifest-path rust/Cargo.toml
+bash tests/scripts/round_trip.sh "cargo run --manifest-path rust/Cargo.toml --bin copy --"